Constitution Timeline Essay

Our founding Fathers had a vision in mind when writing the Constitution to ensure all citizens of the United States were treated equally and fairly. The Constitution was also to place rules and guidelines in place so that not one person or government politician would have full control. It was to be a country for the citizens’ where they have a voice in what takes place and in the way it is managed. There were many items that influenced the Constitution and had a significance that contributed to it. I’ll start with the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta was an English Charter that was issued in 1215. Its purpose was to limit government authority. It is considered one of the most important documents in the establishment of democracy; its influence is clearly seen in the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights. (GCU, 2012) The Magna Carta also represented several ideas, one in which is the significant innocent until proven guilty. Others include; right of individuals to know the charges filed against them, right to judgment by peers before imprisonment, and right to be represented by an attorney. The Magna Carta is evident in the Constitution by the limiting of government authority. It was the founding Fathers purpose to not let any one person or political group have complete control. But, to include the citizens in the say of how things worked and were ran. Second, is the Mayflower Compact which was issued in 1620. It was the first governing document that was passed because settlers agreed to abide by the rules of the government. It consisted of two essential elements; it reveals the promise that America, as it develops, is to be built upon Christian principles and a government of law, not men. It enjoins upon the government to enact constitutionally equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most just and convenient for the general good of the people. (Digest, 1951) The Mayflower Compact came about by the settlers coming over on the Mayflower, when they realized that the earlier settlers had failed when it came to guiding their developments. The settlers wanted to be successful in their developments and be fair to everyone; by treating everyone equally. Its contribution to the Constitution is the Christian faith and the equality of all people. Without this, we may be treated differently by the amount of money we make or even because of our race. This ensured everyone the same opportunities in our country and rules to live by. Third, is the Declaration of Independence. It was passed in 1776 adapting resolutions of endorsing independence. It all started from the French and Indian War, the British Parliament wanted the colonists to pay for the war. The colonists however believed that they should not have to pay taxes in which they did not believe in. The colonists wanted to voice their concerns but were denied by the British Parliament. From this, came the revolutionary cry No Taxation without Representation. This is when a committee of 5 was formed and the Declaration was formed. It declared all colonies free from the British Parliament and declared all colonies to be free and independent states. The most radical idea advanced by the American Revolutionaries was the proposition set forth in the Declaration of Independence that â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain Unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.† (Mintz, 2012) Its contribution to the Constitution is the free and independent states along with the separation from British Parliament. Without this, we probably would not have our 50 different states. We would more than likely still be running and operating with the British Parliament as one big nation. This allowed colonists to be individualized, independent, and free to set their own government rules and regulations. Fourth, is the Articles of Confederation. It was signed in 1777 and was the first governing document of the newly formed nation. This turned the colonies into a confederation. The articles explained individual states rights; defined the rights of the central government; and declared the Articles could only be changed with ratification of all state legislatures. (GCU, 2012) It also specifies how the national government is to operate. Under the Articles the states were more powerful than the central government, which consisted only of a Congress. Each state had one vote in Congress, with that vote determined by a delegation of from two to seven representatives. Though the Congress had the authority to regulate foreign affairs, wage war, and maintain the postal system, it had no power to levy and collect taxes or regulate interstate commerce. (West 2005) The contribution to the Constitution is defining the rules and regulations of the government. Without rules and regulations, many states would have been run not equal or even without any rules. This would cause many states to be a mess and not have regulation. These articles played a huge part in how our government runs today by giving different members of Congress votes and not having a certain group where they can run everything. Last, is the Federalist Papers. These were papers written between 1787 and 1788 arguing for the ratification of the Constitution that was published in newspapers. There were approximately 85 papers written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. All three of the authors drew from their extensive experience in national politics and the military and diplomatic struggle for independence. Their purpose was to clarify and explain the provisions of the Constitution, expounding its benefits over the existing system of government under the articles of confederation. (West, 2005) There were 3 influential articles that included: strong republic and addresses how to guard against factions, establishes separation of powers and introduces the idea of checks and balances, and expressed opposition to what eventually became the Bill of Rights. The contribution to the Constitution is probably the most influential from these papers. All of them were influential and resulted in the 9th and 10th amendments to the Constitution. There were many factors that played a major role in the development of our nations Constitution. These listed above were only a few but many were the most influential. I personally am thankful to live in a country that has rules and guidelines and allows us as citizens to be a part of the voting process. It is our right to vote and have a say in how we think our money should spent or how things are ran in our state. Regardless of which law passes or fails, we are all treated equally in the eyes of the law and are all here because our founding Fathers took the time out to create a document that laid out guidelines for us and many generations to come to live by. In the words of Washington, â€Å"Let us Raise to the standard to which the wise and honest can repair; the rest is in the hands of God.† (Digest, 1951) REFERENCES Grand Canyon University. (2012). Retrieved November 29, 2012, from POS 301 Lecture 1 Notes: www.gcu.edu THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT. (1951). Congressional Digest, 30(6/7), 171-172. Mintz, D. S. (2012). Digital History. Retrieved November 29, 2012 , from Declaration of Independence: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=149 â€Å"Articles of Confederation.† West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437704858.html â€Å"Federalist Papers.† West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437701784.html

2012 Hsc English Essay

2012 English HSC Essay by Marcus Kraefft An individual’s perceptions of belonging can change in response to the passage of time and their interactions with the world. Constructive interactions can increase one’s sense of belonging. In the same way destructive interactions or alienation can decrease one’s sense of belonging. The passing of time also affects an individual’s sense of belonging in that it can lead to an appreciation of place and culture. One’s sense of belonging also depends on whether they choose to belong and are chosen to belong, but choice is not always enough.Although both parties may want to belong to each other, barriers can still exist, preventing a sense of belonging. This is evident in Raimond Gaita’s ‘Romulus, My Father’ (1998) and ‘American History X’ (1998) directed by Tony Kaye. The sense of belonging of the individuals in these texts evolves through the elapsing of time and interactions wi th their world. An individual’s interaction with their world shapes their sense of belonging; constructive interactions increase one’s sense of belonging.Upon first moving to Australia Romulus was immediately drawn to Horu and Mitru because they have similar backgrounds. Romulus had many interactions with Horu and Mitru and as a result Romulus felt an increasingly strong sense of belonging to them. Romulus spent more time and interacted more with Horu and we see that Romulus developed a stronger friendship with Horu than with Mitru. Raimond also had many interactions with Vacek and as they met more often Raimond felt more and more comfortable with Vacek, showing an increased sense of belonging.Similarly in ‘American History X’, Derek despises negroes and has no sense of belonging to them. When Derek goes to prison though, he is forced to interact with negroes through prison duties such as folding sheets together. From this Derek forms a strong friendship w ith a particular negro, Jim, and as a result of their interactions, his perspective of negroes changes for the better. â€Å"In here, you the nigger†, as quoted by Jim, shows the contrast in the environment Derek is in; he was used to a white dominated society and is now forced to live in a society dominated by negroes.In the same way that constructive interactions strengthen a sense of belonging, destructive interaction or alienation can weaken a person’s sense of belonging. In ‘Romulus, My Father’ Christine is forced to move with Romulus to Australia. â€Å"She’s a city girl†, who felt alienated in the barren landscape of Frogmore – â€Å"a landscape that highlighted her isolation†. Her mental illness reduced her number of interactions with others and directly resulted in a decreased sense of belonging.Alienation causes loss in one’s sense of belonging and can be expressed through desensitisation. This is present in â⠂¬ËœAmerican History X’. The skinhead clan reject all negroes and immigrants, alienating them. Alienation results in a decreased sense or absence of belonging, which can be represented by causing harm to another with no remorse. This is shown in ‘American History X’ when Derek murders two negroes and then smiles about it while being arrested by police, as if he is proud of what he has done.This absence of belonging between the skinheads and the negroes applies to both parties. This is shown at the end of the film when a negro high school student gruesomely shoots and kills Danny, Derek’s brother, in the school bathrooms. He stood in silence with no emotion and no remorse. This scene shows how alienation affects a person’s decisions, actions and reactions. Choosing to belong and being chosen to belong often leads to a sense of belonging but choice may not always be enough. Certain barriers may exist to prevent a sense of belonging.In ‘Romulus, My Father’ Christine chooses to belong with Raimond as his mother and Raimond accepts his mother, loving her very much, but Christine’s mental illness prevents her ability to nurture Raimond as a mother should. Horu sees this lack of attention and despises Christine because of it, asking her to leave and never come back. Although Christine wanted to belong, her mental illness affected her relationship with both Raimond and Horu. This demonstrates Christine’s inability to integrate with Australian culture. Another barrier to a sense of belonging is race.In ‘American History X’ the negroes and immigrants want to fit into the local community but because of their race the skinhead clan reject them. Similarly in ‘Romulus My Father’, upon arrival to Australia Romulus wants to be accepted by the Australian culture but initially he is not because of his foreign background. Over time Romulus is eventually accepted into the Australian community b ecause of his hard working habits. This shared value allows Romulus to integrate with Australians and form a strong sense of belonging with Australian culture.An individual’s sense of belonging is affected by the passing of time in that it can lead to an appreciation of place and culture. Initially Romulus did not like the Australian landscape – â€Å"The noble red gums†¦ seemed symbols of deprivation and barrenness†. Raimond was influenced by Romulus’ European stories and memories but over time Raimond began to show an appreciation and sense of belonging to the Australian landscape. This is shown when Raimond is about to shoot a wild rabbit but does not because he realised that the environment and nature itself is beautiful.The elapsing of time also allowed Romulus to build up a strong reputation of being a hard working blacksmith. He developed trust with Australians over time which would have been difficult given Romulus’ foreign background. Initially in Australia Romulus had little knowledge of the environment and its effects on everyday life. Romulus accidentally lit a hay stack on fire, not being familiar with the hot and dry climate. Over time Romulus was able to adapt to the Australian environment and so he no longer made mistakes and was therefore accepted by Australians as a worker.Similarly in ‘American History X’, Derek initially despises negroes, but his time and interactions in prison change his perspective of them. Derek is alienated in prison and vulnerable to assault from the negroes but Jim tells them not to harm Derek even though he is a Neo-Nazi. Derek discovers that Jim saved his life; Derek as a direct result appreciates negroes and accepts them, showing respect and friendship. Derek’s opinion on foreigners is changed by the actions of one man.From these points it becomes clear that the passing of time and the interactions of an individual with their world shape that individualâ⠂¬â„¢s sense of belonging: Constructive interactions often result in a sense of belonging whilst destructive interaction or alienation results in a decreased or no sense of belonging. Choice also affects one’s sense of belonging however choice may not always be enough as there are often barriers preventing a sense of belonging such as mental illness and race. Time can also have an impact on an individual’s appreciation of place and culture, increasing their sense of belonging.

Gbmt Cilantro Cafe

Global Business Environment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction & History Changed by the revolution SWOT Vision Strategy & Implementation Reasons of success Success of the communication strategy The smart and innovative strategies 7. Recommendation Introduction ? An Egyptian coffee shop company based in Cairo. ? First modern-culture coffee shop in Egypt. History 1999 2000 Two young Egyptian entrepreneurs begin to think about the idea of Cilantro Cafe. Establishment of Delicious Inc. with â€Å"Cilantro† as a trade name. Launch of the first Cilantro Cafe. Within 4 years, the company opened 8 shops in Egypt.Rise of competition. 2004 2005 2008 January, 25th of 2011 End of 2011 El-Sewedy, an Egyptian local group, won the bid against Starbucks chain to make the acquisition of Cilantro. Beginning of the internationalization of the company with the opening of the first outlet abroad in London, UK. Beginning of a popular uprising which became the Egyptian revolution. The company owns aroun d 70 outlets in Egypt. Changed by the revolution ? Breaking away from the government ? Self Concepts ? Belonging to Egypt ? Cilantro Cafe provided values for customer ? Knowledge ? Health ConsciousnessTransition from local to Global process 1 2 Choice of country for franchise Selection criteria for franchisee Contract negotiation 3 4 5 6 Operational preparations Outlet Opening Continuous monitoring & feedback SWOT analysis – Internal Strengths ? Creation of the concept of a modern-culture coffee shop ? Diversified customers ? Value of knowledge and value of health-consciousness. ? Communication strategy: differentiation while creating add ? Value added services. ? Good marketing team ? Maintenance of the company’s key performance indicators SWOT analysis – Internal Weakness Hardly to control the franchise. ? Time consuming for the transition from local to Global process SWOT analysis – External Opportunities ? Domestic development ? A lot of potential pro spects ? Egypt revolution with the merge of Egypt 2. 0 whom new values clearly fitted with cilantro’s ones. SWOT analysis – External Threats ? Rising competition and global competitors. ? The country-of-origin effects and cultural symbolism for an in ternational brand are critical ? Adaptability to globalization Vision Delicious Inc. ? To build new and creative food service concepts ?Maintain & up-grade uniqueness in the products ? Positioning of the brands Strategy ? Increase the brand recognition ? Defend its home market by constantly up-grading what is offered to customers ? Adhering high quality standards and a unique Cilantro Spirit. ? Become an important contributing member of its community. Strategy ? Offer a positive environment for its internal family while ensuring the long-term business goals. ? Provide the â€Å"Cilantro Experience†. Implementation ? Decorations and layouts of the outlets can provide cozy, modern and fresh atmosphere ? Offering a rea ding corner and Online red book Providing healthy, fresh and tasty choices The smart and innovative strategy ? I & U Models ? I-Model ? Makes use of the export / sales ratio of a firm, which is said to reflect the dependence of the firm on international markets ? More suitable for SMEs The smart and innovative strategic ? I & U Models ? U-Model It assumes that a firm gradually increases its Internationalization operations in stages, at first starting small and low risk, building up experience incrementally to take on larger international roles ? PESTEL ? Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal.Success of the communication strategy ? Franchising department stays in continuous contact with the franchisee brand manager and conducts monthly regular audit for each of its outlets Main Reason of Success ? Drastic change in the Egyptian coffee house concept ? Introduced a new category of leisure in Egypt ? Post-revolution ? Strategy of differentiation -Provide a unique Cilantro spirit Further capitalize ? International Bank ? Issue Stocks ? Venture capital Recommendation ? A mix between I and U model is the most valuable strategy be cause it would provide multi-dimensionality. The End.

The Market Planning Guide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Market Planning Guide - Assignment Example According to the research findings, this being a new company we are faced with many challenges in our daily operations. So much strain is put on the company’s budget through the process of advertising. People’s attitudes towards this product greatly affect the company’s performance. Most people are not flexible to experience new products but rather prefer using products they are accustomed to David. Competition from other companies is another issue to our company’s performance. Meeting each customers needs is not an easy task. Each individual has different tastes and preferences therefore, meeting all these preferences leads to enormous expenditure. Maintaining high and quality standards in product production has always been an issue for this company. Enjoying music all the time is the desire of every music lover therefore production of this type of head phones targets all those music lovers that had lost hope in listening to music over their phones during rainy season due to lack of head phone that could withstand water. At least 18 youths out of 20 use head phones for listening to music. Your age does not really matter. Due to its quality, we know that our customers will not regret in purchasing our products. Technology greatly influences our rate of production. The company is able to produce more products within a short period due to availability of highly improved machines. Technology has also helped in accessing the target market easily. This has been made possible through carrying out advertisements online. Customers are able to make their orders online on varieties that they are interested in. this technology has reduced the burden of meeting customers physically in the name of advertising. Our greatest competitor in this field is the iPhone Company. This company has posed so many challenges because it has had a long experience in the technological industry.

Influences of U.S. Infrastructure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Influences of U.S. Infrastructure - Assignment Example These lines are research works pertaining to data infrastructure and parties with diverse histories of international categorization of illnesses for biological research (Hall, Reed, and Torralba, 2002). Second, infrastructure stabilizes the degree to which they can offer adaptable and domestic usage by all sorts of users. At the same time, infrastructure sustains adequate consistency to facilitate organization through local places and various communities. Third, infrastructure reveals faults or failures in the second line of research on previously distributed features of cognition. One negative effect of infrastructure is the failure of power that leads to disruption. Power failure means some gadgets become unfeasible, causing members of the navigation team to regroup their activities and cater to the demands of a fast-paced fix series. Another negative result is the rise in the risk of many infrastructural collapses that go past topographic and practical limits. The third negative effect is the inability to predict conveniently the long-term impact of new infrastructure and disruptive technology (Martin, 2007). In conclusion, infrastructure in the United States has more positives than negatives impacts on research and emergency management. The effect of infrastructure on the general level of emergency management and disruptive representation mostly relies on the existing level of productivity

Sampling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Sampling - Essay Example These groups of the elderly are unable to visit a physician. As such, it is important for nursing practitioners to visit them at their home from time to time, such as three times a year to every six weeks in order to improve their compliance to medication and the reduction in exacerbation of the condition of the patients † (Conforti, Hess, Holmboe & Lynn, 2011). Research Hypothesis – increase in the number of visits that a nursing practitioner makes to the adult patients suffering from hypertension is an effective strategy in enhancing the capacity of patients to comply with medication as well as reduce the exacerbation of their condition (Cabrita, Costa & Henriques, 2012). Aged patients suffering from hypertension - this covers the context of the research as this group forms the participants of the study, individuals aged fifty years and above, diagnosed with hypertension, and are taking their medication. Medication compliance – this refers to the ability of participants to continuously take prescribed medication as well as adhere to the right regiment, as well as failure to stop taking their medication without informing their provider. Exacerbation of the condition of patients - this refers to the worsening conditions of hypertension especially associated with the failure by patients to stick to the prescribed medication (Conforti, Hess, Holmboe & Lynn, 2011). Study sample incorporates men, women aged fifty years, and above, their participation involves diagnosis with hypertension, staying at home, and mobility issues preventing physician visits, and taking of medication. Non-probability sampling is useful in this study sample considering the specificity of the desired sample. Researchers will also use convenience sampling as only the available individuals meeting the requirements and willing to participate will be in use (Cabrita, Costa & Henriques, 2012). Study follows a causal design, as

See on the files Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See on the files - Essay Example Therefore consumers have no options but to purchase the goods at the set prices which is against the law of demand.The diagram illustrates the profits that a particular company in an industry can get in a country if it is the dominant player and its goods are the ones most demanded. In the short run, the industries in the country will get profits as indicated by area PBA, however, this is affected by international trade that ensures other competitive firms can introduce their products as well.International trade has led to an increase in the amount of goods in any economy and so the demand for local goods has gone down. This leads to the lower prices of goods locally. The demand of goods is further affected by the prices of other related goods. International trade can result to the presence of substitutes and complements that affect the demand of goods in the economy (Dutta, 2006). Substitutes are a direct replacement to a particular class of goods. This means that if the price of good increases consumers will simply shift to alternative goods. Complements are goods that are used together. If the price of one of these goods increases then the demand is likely to drop, as such the demand for the complements also

The Addition of Steroids and Antibiotics in Food Research Paper

The Addition of Steroids and Antibiotics in Food - Research Paper Example This increase in production means a lot of profit for the meat and dairy product industries but on the other hand it is also risking the health of its consumers. FDA and USDA claims that these hormones (steroidal in nature) are free from any harm. Antibiotics which are also used in cattle as preventive measures or to increase the weight of the animal are also producing health concerns in the consumers of the meat and milk. Although the use of antibiotics is banned in Europe it is still legal to inject the low doses of these antibiotics in America and Canada. First we need to be acquainted with Hormones and Antibiotics and to what extent they can affect the health of its consumer. Hormones are the biochemicals produced in the body of human’s as well as animals. Even though they are released in small amounts they control the important body functions such as growth, maturity and reproduction. They are produced by special organs which function to release the hormones according to the requirement and proper timings of its release. This is called the feedback mechanism of the body which manages the amount of hormone released. If body’s requirement of the hormone is fulfilled, by negative feedback mechanism, hormone production automatically stops. Unfortunately, if these hormones are being consumed from any outside sources they can cause serious consequences as there won’t be any mechanism indicating the red alert for the overconsumption. Hormones can be of steroidal or protein in nature. Steroidal hormones remain active even if they are consumed via mouth. Whereas, protein hormones needs to be injected as they are destroyed immediately in the G.I tract (Gastrointestinal tract) by the action of acids and other secretions such as insulin hormone injections by diabetics. Hormones are being used in farm animals to increase their weight and by the use of growth hormones they grow much faster and to a larger extent. They also increase the weight of the animal even if the animal’s food consumption is reduced. In cows, hormones increase the production of milk. Approximately 22% of the Cows are being injected or fed steroidal hormones to get the desired result. Thus, the faster animal reaches to the slaughter weight, the more profitable this procedure becomes for the industries. According to European Union Scientific committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health, Potential risk to human health can be caused by the use of six types of hormones, including both synthetic and natural hormones. Natural include Oestradiol, Testosterone and Progesterone. Synthetic hormones are Melengestrol, Zeranol, Trenbolone. (Artificial Hormones, 2006). Estradiol and Progesterone are natural female sex hormone and Testosterone is male sex hormone. The other three synthetic hormones are used as growth promoters. FDA approves the use of these hormones in sheep’s and Cattle but not on poultry and Hogs. Recombinant Bovine Growth H ormones (rbGH) is being used in dairy cattle but not on beef cattle.( Consumer Concern about Hormones in Food, 2010) The Committee also put forth questions regarding the issue of such hormone injected animal consumption can cause any imbalance in human hormone system. However, FDA and USDA continuously ensures the consumers that very little amount is

Which reflections of Islam are in the tale of Maruf the Cobbler Essay - 1

Which reflections of Islam are in the tale of Maruf the Cobbler - Essay Example One of the most important Islamic teaching that the story entails is the trait of being steadfast and patient, which in Islam every person is supposed to practice, as it is a characteristic loved by God. Ma’aruf is a humble man, who is constantly tormented by his wife and taken advantage of his meek nature. However, despite the problems and hardships that he is put through, he continues to remain steadfast and patient. As a matter of fact, he shows great strength of his moral character, which is reflected when his wife commands him to get a vermicelli cake drenched in bee honey and Ma’aruf is unable to earn enough money to get her what she desires. Despite the turmoil he is in, Ma’aruf continues to pray to Allah and eventually he was given help after one of his neighboring shop owner decides to give him food and the cake for free. Therefore, this event reinforces the belief that regardless of what calamity that may afflict a person, he is supposed to stay patient and ask Allah for help. (Kritzeck 1964, p. 299) This aspect of the Islamic faith is demonstrated and reinforced through several incidents within the story. Even to the extent that it is implied that after Ma’aruf invokes God for help, he even get it through supernatural entities like djinns (Kritzeck 1964, p. 302, 318). Moreover, Ma’aruf is often known for giving alms to the poor and needy, and helping others out which is another fundamental Islamic practice that pleases God and gets his protection granted to the individual. Therefore, Ma’aruf was always protected, even when there was a serious threat to his life, he was able to get away with the help of the people and even supernatural beings. Various aspects of Ma’aruf’s life is also reminiscent and takes heavy inspirations from the life of the Prophet Muhammad. For instance, when Ma’aruf is completely tired of his wife’s trickery and retreats to a cave

Marketing and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing and Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The concept and significance of entrepreneurship indicated above earns further potential when linked to marketing activities. It is found that entrepreneurs mainly tied to small and medium sized business concerns with the help of potential marketing activities earned the potential to gain an enhanced space in the existing business environment. The entrepreneurial firms thus through the help of potential marketing strategies gained a competitive advantage to successfully compete with other firms in the same sector. Hence with the development of the business scenario the entrepreneurial activities are required to be increasingly linked with large scale marketing and promotional pursuits to help the entrepreneur earn success. The paper hereby discusses on the concepts of entrepreneurship through the uses of different models and draws its linkage to marketing activities. Further emphasizing on the above concepts the paper focuses on the actions and entrepreneurial processes of a specific retailer which would be analyzed through the entrepreneurial models like that of Sarasvathy’s and Burns Entrepreneurial Model and also based on the GET tests. Concept of Entrepreneurship The concept of entrepreneurship can be observed to have its emergence in relation to English and French literature when the dimensions of trade were slowly evolving. More specifically the evolution of the concept of entrepreneurship can be found to have gained in regards to French literature where the entrepreneurs were considered to be persons creating large business organizations and thereby are found to undertake large amount of business risks. Thus entrepreneurs are found to be people related to large business organizations and those with potency to manage to high amount of business risks. In the modern business context the concept of entrepreneurship earns a much larger dimension in regards to the innovative mindsets of the entrepreneur in rendering innovation to the existing organization processes and thereby enhancing the competitive advantage of the business policies. Similarly the entrepreneur working on the process of innovation can use potential technological and other resources to produce newer products and services and thus gain control of newer markets. The above discussion can be diagrammatically presented as follows. Figure 1: Entrepreneurship in Relation to Firm and

Challenges in Lobbying strategies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Challenges in Lobbying strategies - Coursework Example One may wonder where to start. It is imperative to first know the policy maker before meeting him or her. This would involve identifying his or her interest in the policy issue and the connection to the topic of interest (Mason et al., 2011). His or her webpage would offer more insights on this. Additionally, in order to create interpersonal relationship with the policymaker, it is advisable to be ready with a brief and easy to understand message about the state of the current child obesity policies within the state. Since the elected officials often meet their constituents, it is imperative to make a long-lasting impression by getting the policy maker understand child obesity and how it has become a health concern among the people (Bailey et al., 2007). It is through this engagement that creates interpersonal relationships and allows the policy maker to understand the issue at hand. It is also essential to have facts ready in order to use them as the terms of reference. Policy makers like real life examples and references. The best approach to communicate to a policy maker would be enlightening him or her of the prevalence of child obesity in his state or region and how soon this may get out of hand (Bailey et al., 2007). Giving simple statistics about the effects of such an issue would offer a starting point and would engage the policy maker more. Therefore, since effective communication is vested on interpersonal relations, the best approach when communicating to a policy maker on childhood obesity would center on first understanding the law maker and creating personal

Property And Asset Division Essay Example for Free

Property And Asset Division Essay ABSTRACT This paper intends to set a simple structure in order to investigate the role of property and asset rights in the case of a legal separation. This paper also lays stress upon the role that the laws of alimony and property division can play in formulating the divorce decisions and allocations of assets even in the case of a existing marriage. INTRODUCTION it is commonly believed that certain changes within the Divorce Laws and regulations have led to the increasing number of divorces occurring today, especially when the Law allows one partner to unilaterally ask for a matrimonial dissolution lacking the approval of the other partner. People also felt that a continued liberalization of the Divorce laws would further increase the divorce rate. However, this is not true. The laws on property division, both within a marriage and after divorce also play a very important part in the filing of a divorce. Moreover, the continuously simplifying procedures and easily available legal aid is also the factor behind the increasing number of divorce incidents. This paper throws light upon the general property rights that are involved within a legal separation.   The Divorce Laws presents some rights with regards to the dissolution of a marriage, and these are related to the property rights of both the partners. At times, such rights can me traded or at times can also be included within the dissolution agreement. For instance, a Law that allows one partner to take a divorce, is very different from the one the Law that needs the consent of both the partners. If the husband wishes to separate his ways, and if his profit from the divorce is more, then according to a Mutual Consent, both the partners agree to divorce and the husband has to pay the compensation to his wife. In this case, it is said that the wife has sold her marriage rights. Whereas, in the case of a one sided law, if the gain of the husband is small than the loss of the wife, then the wife needs to compensate the husband for not asking for a separation. In this case, it is said that the husband has sold his marriage rights. The conclusion of this discussion is that the split-up does not depends on the law, but on the comparative size of the gains and losses of divorce. This argument given above allows for the evolvements of property rights in a divorce. Thus property and assets once mutually held by both the couple, become a type of compensation which can be paid. The property laws assume that in the absence of any type of compensation that has been mutually formed, or any agreed transfer, there is a well laid out criterion for the allocation of property and resources held jointly. After the divorce has been granted by the court, it depends upon the couple to divide the property. This can be done even of one partner seeks the division of the marital property. The couples are free to settle the property issues outside court if they wish to do so. To remember some important facts about Property Division law regarding a divorce, are that there are some kinds of properties that cannot be divided by the court. The properties that come under this ruling are inherited properties, gifts, business and professional licenses and property inherited by the partners before marriage is not subjected to a division. Also, it should be noted that there are certain matters that are upheld by the Property Division law that decide the division of property between the two parties. Monetary issues, contributions by each partner to the household, tax penalty in case of an imbalanced partition; labors of a partner to safeguard and augment the value of the joint property; efforts by a spouse to waste assets; the physical conditions and health of each partner, and the economic situation of each partner are some of the major issues that drive the format of the Property division in the case of a divorce.   The next section discusses the Property Rights and Family law. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND FAMILY LAW Marital or commonly referred to as community property is defined by different rules by different states, but overall, it includes the assets and property that were acquired jointly by the couple at the time of marriage and during the marriage. The wages that are earned by each of the couple, home, furniture, cars and other household items that are purchased during this period are marital property. Neither of the partner has the right to keep these things entirely without the consent of the other partner. If the property is in the name of one spouse, then it is also not necessary that it is not a marital property.   Similarly, a pension is also regarded as a marital property, even though it is gained in the name of only one spouse from his working place. In some cases, pensions may be regarded as non marital, seeing to the financial and health conditions of the spouse earning it. The money that was earned mutually is regarded as marital property while the money earned before marriage is non-marital. Division of Marital Property In some states, there are very simple rules regarding division of marital property. According to some marital laws, it is believed that marriages are a joint undertaking and that the marital property should be equally divided between the two spouses and it is assumed that both the spouses are an equal contributor to the acquirement and conservation of property. However, the court understands that the contributions may be of different nature, but in any case, they may be treated equally. The spouse who earns money will not receive more of property than the homemaker, unless the husband and wife had a premarital agreement stating otherwise. In some other countries and states, it is not a fifty-fifty situation. The Law considers a number of factors and gives each factor a weight age according to the situation. However, this gives more flexibility to the process of property and assets division. Any property or a physical asset may belong to both the partners or only one. In case, when the couple has a disagreement on a particular asset and how should it be used, then in this case, the current state law of martial issues hold the authority to decide the matter. These laws relating to division of marital property differs from one country to other, and keeps changing with time. There are examples of these property laws showing dramatic changes in the character of property rights within marriage over the course of a time period; where from having almost complete power over family unit property, a husband can now be disqualified from his own house. Comparable transformations have occurred in English law, leading to the Married Womens Property Act of 1870. Here are some factors stated in the Law for equitable distribution of assets and property. Here are some examples of factors that are considered by states applying principles of equitable distribution of property: Non-marital Property- if in case, one spouse inherits more non-marital property, then the other spouse can be in favor of getting a larger portion of the marital property upon division. As the Law, states, â€Å"courts are not obliged to give equal amounts of property to each spouse, but if the parties have sufficient assets to leave each party in a comfortable situation after the divorce, courts usually will try to do so.† Earning Power- The spouse with less earning power will be given more benefit during the property and other asset division by the court. Courts states that, â€Å" the party with greater earning power can regain money lost in a divorce more easily than the party with less earning power†. Who Earned the Property- in these cases, the benefit is gained by the spouse who worked hard to earn the property. For example, the family business which was run by the husband goes to him, only of the family property and the business is of almost same value. The home in this case goes to the wife. Services as a Homemaker- The court recognizes that ding the household chores are also work and in addition it gives freedom to the other spouse to go out and earn for the family. Law gives attention to the fact if a homemaker had impaired his or her professional career in order take care of the house hold. If the spouse can show that he or she had missed the opportunity of earning, then the court favors to giving more of the property to the home maker spouse. Waste and Dissipation- the court also analyzes the fact if any spouse has wasted money during the marriage and this can go against him or her during the property division time. . This issue us also called as economic fault, rarely considered by courts. According to the court, â€Å"Waste or dissipation could include gambling losses, significant sums of money given to family members (particularly over the protest of the other spouse), and money spent on pursuing romantic relationships outside the marriage.† Also added are the business losses which are considered as waste or dissipation, however at times they might be considered as normal business risks and the spouse is normally not penalized. Faults- Law also considers any type of spousal abuse or marital infidelity, when considering the case of marital property division. Most of the state courts however do not give much stress to this issue during property division. In the past, majority of the divorce cases were based upon faults by either of the partners, and the divorcà © was settled upon this fault by the spouse and highly affected the property division. However , today, courts decide the property division cases primarily on the economic factors when separating property and pay less concentration to who-did-what-to-whom. Duration of Marriage- in this case, if the marriages are long, then the court favors the spouse with less wealth or earning power. The longer the marriage, the more likely a court is to view the husband and wife as equal partners. Age and fitness of Parties- if one of the person is suffering from bad health or is much older than the other spouse, then he or she is in favor of getting a larger award. According to the court,† When the factor is mentioned by a court, it most often is in connection with an older wife whose ability to earn money is diminished by her age and health. The factor can apply to men too, particularly if the man is of an age at which it is not reasonable to assume that he can go out and re-earn a substantial amount of assets if his wife were given a majority of the marital assets. In such a case, an equal division of assets would be more likely†. Tax penalty- The tax consequences in the event of a marital property division is considered by the court. Suppose for example, if the house or the stocks acquired are being sold as a part of the property division, the person who ends up paying more tax as payment of capital gains tax, the Law will consider this and will try to favor the party during the division. On the contrary if the property settlements leads to some kind of tax benefit, the party which acquires a majority of the profits may be in a stringer position to receive a less part of the property. Premarital Agreements. A printed premarital agreement, can be a winning card in dividing the marital property between the partners. By ingoing into a premarital accord, the wife and husband have decided to surrender their rights to have a court consider the customary group of factors in dividing property. As a substitute, the parties through their contract have determined in advance how their property should be divided in the event of a divorce. Custody of Children – this issue might fall under a very narrow spectrum of property rights if viewed closely, since the assets and property has to be later devoted for the cause of children, therefore, responsibility of children and their custody is also a part of this issue. As an example, in England, before the Child Custody Act of 1839 a wife, even if divorced and separated from her husband, was offered no custody or visiting rights to her children and other family members. Ever since, the laws have changed significantly. Effect of bankruptcy – the settlements of marital assets and property might be dischargeable in liquidation or bankruptcy, or in case, it might not be dischargeable, depending on the essentials of the divorce case. A discharge in bankruptcy means, â€Å"all of a debt or a portion of a debt no longer has to be paid because a federal court has declared the debtor to be bankrupt†. Before 1994, many former spouses found themselves out of luck after the divorce when seeking to collect what was due, because their former spouses declared themselves bankrupt after divorce. For example, a couple, may have agreed to a divorce based on a promise from the husband that three years after the divorce, he would pay the wife some mutually agreed amount of money as part of the property settlement. If the husband declared bankruptcy after the divorce was finalized, the wife might never be able to get the said money. This arrangement, particularly in cases in which the debtor is technically bankrupt (owing more money than the debtor has assets) was seen as a potential unfairness by the Congress, as the debtor has the capacity to pay the debts to the ex-spouse. The law was then modified, the new law, which took effect in 1994, started allowing the bankruptcy court to weigh the situation between the parties. If there are reasons to believe that the so called bankrupt debtor has enough means, property and income to pay the debt to the ex-spouse, in addition to his or her dependents’ basic support then the debtor is bound to pay the debt to ex-spouse. If it is found or proved that the debtor truly does not have enough money for the basic support of the debtor and his or her dependents, then all or a part of the debt may be discharged in bankruptcy. Although in appropriate circumstances, a bankruptcy court has the power to discharge, partially or fully, a debt owed in a property settlement, the court cannot discharge past-due payments for alimony or child support. For reducing future alimony and child support, a debtors bankruptcy may be a ground, but it certainly does not qualify for discharging part or full past-due alimony and child support. CONCLUSION The marital community may end in several ways- annulment, death of spouse, divorce, separate maintenance and separate living agreement. In all these cases, however, the above mentioned laws are useful for resolving the property division issues. REFERENCES 1. Becker, Gary (1991) A Treatise on the Family , Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Becker, Gary, Landes, Elizabeth, and Michael, Robert (1977), An Economic Analysis of Ma rital Instability, Journal of Political Economy, 85(6), 1141-1187. Clark, S. (1998). Law, Property, and Marital Dissolution. University of Edinburgh, Department of Economics, Discussion Paper. Clark, S. (1999). Law, Property, And Marital Dissolution. Economic Journal ,, forthcoming. Coase, R.H. (1960). The Problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economics, (3) , 1-44 Friedberg, Laura (1998). Did Unilateral Divorce Raise Divorce Rates? Evidence from Panel Data, American Economic Review, 88(3), 608- 627. Gibson, Colin S (1994) Dissolving Wedlock , London, Routledge. Rowthorn, R.E. (1998). Marriage and Trust: Some Lessons from Economics, Cambridge Journal of Economics, forthcoming. Smith, Ian (1997) Explaining the Growth of Divorce in Great Britain, Scottish Journal of Political Economy , 44(5), 519-544. Thomson J.M. (1986) Family Law in Scotland, 2nd ed, Edinburgh, Butterworths. Brinig, Margaret and Allen, D ouglas. (2000). These Boots Are Made for Walking: Why Most Divorce Filers Are Women. American Law and Economics Review , 2, 126-69. 9. Chiappori, Pierre-Andre, Bernard Fortin and Guy Lacroix (2002) Marriage Market, Divorce Legislation and Household Labor Supply, Journal of Political Economy.

Public Interest Immunity in Protecting Informants

Public Interest Immunity in Protecting Informants Introduction The role of informants in an investigation is crucial as the information provided by an informant may be the only piece of evidence or clue available to the law enforcement agencies. So, it is critical that some clarity is drawn in identifying the rights of the informants and how and when the law should protect them. It can be argued that adding clarity to this area of law will inform and motivate informants to facilitate investigations when required. The aim of this essay is to explore the role of law in public interest immunity (PII) to protect informants as a class. As a result, this essay will explore the rights of informants and the role of law in protecting them under the principles of public interest immunity (PII). This essay will explore case law and legislation to critically analyse the role of law in PII to protect informants as a class in the following paragraphs. In doing so, this essay will argue that informants as a class should be protected by the law under the princi ples of public interest immunity. Public Interest Immunity (PII) Generally, there is public interest in protecting the identity of those who provide important information to the police, that is, the informants. As a result, the disclosure of their identity or any material that has the potential to reveal their identity is restricted through case law. However, deriving from English common law, a judge has the discretion to reveal the identity of the informant if it helps establish the fact that the accused in the relevant case is innocent. One of the statutory instruments that applicable is section 21 of the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996[1] (CPIA 1996). In R v Chief Constable of the West Midlands ex parte Wiley[2], it was Lord Templeman who stated that, based on the principles of public interest immunity, the disclosure of information can be denied which is pertinent to the case and also important in the determination of the proceeding in question. Hence, the only reason to deviate from this is if public interest demands for it.[3] Therefore, there must be equality of arms[4] in public interest immunity (PII). The thrust of the principle of public interest immunity to refuse disclosure of relevant material is on the ground that to do so would harm the public interest. However, disclosure can be refused if material might be privileged, material might be lost, and material might be difficult to get hold of. In civil proceedings, the procedure is carried out according to Order 24 of the Rules of the Supreme Court and to withhold is specifically stated in rule 15 which states that, 15. The foregoing provisions of this Order shall be without prejudice to any rule of law which authorises or requires the withholding of any document on the ground that the disclosure of it would be injurious to the public interest.[5] It is clear from rule 15 that public interest is the ultimate factor to be considered in cases of public interest immunity. For conciseness of argument, this essay will solely focus on informants. In criminal matters where the police refrains from disclosing the identity of the informant to the defendant, there is an overlap between the principles of common law of open justice which requires that maximum disclosure takes place as established in R v Davis, Johnson and Rowe[6] and Article 6 ECHR which is demonstrated in the vase of R v H [7]. In R v H, the House of Lords held that a trial judge should take into account all the information that are available based on the nature of the PII pursued as well as guaranteeing that the complete disclosure process does not reveal more than is required given the context of the case[8]. A similar example is noted in the case of Al Rawi v Security Service[9], several men claimed for damages as they have been detained by foreign forces including places like Guantanamo Bay and claimed that the UK Security Service along with others engaged in ill treatment. In return the UK Security Service stated that they refrained from giving access to cert ain pieces of evidence and would rather be represented by special advocates[10]. It was held in this case that if governmental bodies wanted to rely on the argument of national security, they would need to rely on PII which gives them the right to do so in relation to providing protection for State interests wherever it is required[11]. The case law discussed so far provides a general overview of the attitude of the courts. However, what needs to be considered is when disclosure of the identity of the informant based on interests of justice, the protection towards the informant is still violated despite being justified by any legal reasoning or case law. Informant Rights and the Role of Law While discussing the role of informants and the role of law in protecting them, a discussion of criminal matters is warranted. It should be stated that most cases relating to PII involve civil matters even though the principles can also be applied in criminal matters where the applications are generally altered as in the case of Marks v Beyfus[12]. In Marks v Beyfus, Lord Esher stated that it was precisely recognised that it is not generally required by the witness to disclose the identity of a police informant. This is due to the significance of public interested in providing protection and as well as motivating individuals to provide information to the law and enforcement agencies. Hence, witnesses should not be asked about the identity of the informants or questions that have the potential to reveal the identity of the informants[13]. However, there are exceptions in PII. For criminal matters, if the context of the case is such that refraining from disclosing the identity of the i nformants may jeopardise the integrity of the trial by impacting on the correctness of adjudication in the case and might lead to the innocent being convicted and imprisoned. These types of cases are usually quite rare. This ratio has been given by the House of Lords in the case, R v Horseferry Road Magistrates Court, Ex p Bennett[14]. In R v Horseferry Road Magistrates Court, Ex p Bennett , the House of Lords held that in a situation where a person is charged criminally, if the person does not get justice in relation to the process, then the person should not be tried.[15] As a result, if it requires the identity of the informant to be disclosed in order to establish a defendants innocence, the court will exercise its discretion and allow the disclosure of the identity of the informant. This case reiterated the principles established in Makanjuola v. Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis[16]that public interest immunity is not a trump card vouchsafed to certain privileged playe rs to play when and as they wish. It is an exclusionary rule, imposed on parties in certain circumstances, even where it is to their disadvantage in litigation.[17] It is submitted that as discussed already in this essay, even though the innocent should get justice but compromising the identity of the informant is compromising his/her protection and confidence in law and enforcement agencies. It is a continuing duty of the court to consider the issue of disclosure and decide whether disclosure should be ordered or whether prosecution should offer no evidence which would disclose the identity of the informant[18]. It can be stated that in this kind of a circumstance, the trial judge is put in a complicated situation trying to assess in terms of whether the disclosure of the identity of the informant is actually necessary to establish that the defendant is innocent. If his decision is positive, then the disclosure must be ordered by the judge even though the threshold is quite low. Furthermore, in the case of R v Hallett[19], it was held by the Court of Appeal that a defendant should not be: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦deprived of the opportunity of casting doubt on the case against him.[20] Therefore, according to the court, what is necessary is a real possibility that disclosing the identity of the informant would actually benefit to the defence. The principles of public interest immunity protect the disclosure of an informers identity as well as deal with exceptions extends to the premises where the police have undertaken surveillance on a suspected individual[21]. In this kind of a circumstance, the occupiers of the premises may feel uncomfortable, vulnerable, exposed and frightened as their premises may be identify which may victimise them. This may also result in the public refraining from assisting the police with their investigations or letting law enforcement agencies to use peoples premises for surveillance purposes. Taking into account the potential danger of the occupiers of the premises, in circumstances where the occupiers do not wish to allow disclosure, it is not permitted being subject to public interest immunity. However, there can be circumstances where the disclosure of the identity of the informant becomes necessary to test the evidence put forward by the police. In the case of R v Rankine[22], the activiti es of an alleged drug dealer had been under the surveillance of police officers through the use of private premises. It was the decision of the Court of Appeal that these types of cases can be indistinguishable from the ones where police informers are involved[23]. Hence, it is inappropriate to withhold the location of the surveillance point given that restricting such information will not lead to the miscarriage of justice. In addition to this, R v Johnson (Kenneth)[24], was further explored by the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal held that the required basis for the prosecution to make an application to withhold the location of surveillance point[25]. In this specific case, it was required for an officer to testify that he had visited the premises and ascertained the permission of the occupiers to the potential disclosure of the identity of the premises used. Additionally, an officer with the rank of at least a chief inspector to testify that immediately before the trial he ha s visited the premises in order to identify and ascertain whether the occupiers has not changed and in any circumstance, their attitude towards the identification of the premises as well as its occupants[26]. Thus, in relation to the disclosure of the identity of informers, a qualitative judgment of the decision by the trial judge is necessary as to when a failure to disclose the location of surveillance risks occasioning a miscarriage of justice even though these types of cases are difficult. Moreover, in relation to the identity of informants, if the police are required to disclose their surveillance point, the police sometimes prefer to offer no evidence instead of comprising their source as Blake v DPP[27]. In the case of An Informer v A Chief Constable[28], the duty of care towards an informant was owed by the police Chief Constable. It was held in that case that the police definitely owed a duty of care to the informant but was not liable for his economic loss. This is also su pported by Lord Toulsons statement in Michael[29] as he states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an example of a duty of care arising from an assumption of responsibility coupled with reliance by the claimant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The police conceded that they owed a duty of care to protect his physical well-being, and that of his family. They had assured him that they would do so and he had acted on the faith of their assurances.[30]In the Matter of A (A Child)[31]is an important case even though this decision was reversed by the Court of Appeal by ordering disclosure of the documents. By the time, the case has reached the Supreme Court, the disclosure has been made to the mother of the child as well as to the guardian and the Supreme Court decided to dismiss the appeal[32]. Deriving from these cases, it can be stated that even though the fact that a duty of care by the police owed to the defendant is clearly established, the potential of injustice as a result of nondisclosure of information and/or ident ity of the informant will not be undermined in the process. It is submitted that informants as a class should be protected at any case. Where the courts are faced with the dilemma of justice to the accused who is potentially innocent and putting the information provided by the informant to test by disclosing the identity of the informant, the courts and the police put the informants in a vulnerable position. Conclusion This essay aimed to explore the role of public interest immunity in protecting informants as a class. It can be concluded from the discussion that this is quite a complex and challenging area of law. The general rule is, disclosure is necessary if it is necessitated by the interests of justice. However, as evidenced in the case law that has been considered in this essay that there are factors that need to be taken into account. In answering the question whether law should protect informants as a class under the principles of public interest immunity, the answer is definitely yes but what is also essential to take into account is considering the balance between the necessity to restrict disclosure of the identity of the informant and the possibility of injustice towards the defendant. This is a question best left for the courts in the United Kingdom (UK). [1] Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996, < http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/25/contents> accessed 20 February 2017. [2] R v Chief Constable of the West Midlands ex parte Wiley [1994] 3 All ER 420. [3] Ibid, R v Chief Constable of the West Midlands ex parte Wiley. [4] International Review, The principle of equality of arms is a jurisprudential principle issued by the European Court of Human Rights and is a part of the right to a fair trial written in the (European) Convention for human rights and fundamental freedoms. accessed 22 February 2017. [5] Oder 24 of the Rules of the Supreme Court < https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/uksc_rules_2009.pdf> accessed 19 February 2017. [6] R v Davis, Johnson and Rowe [1993] 1 WLR 613-614. [7] R v H [2004] UKHL 3, < https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldjudgmt/jd040205/hc-1.htm> accessed 21 February 2017. [8] Ibid, R v H. [9]Al Rawi v Security Service [2011] UKSC 34 < http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2011/34.html> accessed 22 February 2017. [10] Ibid, Al Rawi v Security Service [11] Ibid, Al Rawi v Security Service [12]Marks v Beyfus (1890) 25 QBD 494 [13] Ibid, Marks v Beyfus. [14]R. v. Horseferry Road Magistrates Court, ex p. Bennett (No. 2) [1994] 1 All E.R. 289, D.C. [15] Ibid, R. v. Horseferry Road Magistrates Court, ex p. Bennett. [16] Makanjuola v. Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [ 1992] 3 All E. R. 617, C. A. (Civ. Div.) [17] Ibid, Makanjuola v. Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis. [18] Public Interest Immunity, Research Paper 96/25, 22 February 1996, < http://www.researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP96-25/RP96-25.pdf> accessed 21 February 2016. [19]R v Hallett [1986] Crim LR 462. [20] Ibid, R v Hallett. [21] Ibid, Research Paper 96/25. [22]R v Rankine (1986) 83 Cr. App. R. 18 [23] Ibid, R v Rankine. [24]R v Johnson (Kenneth) [1988] 1 W.L.R. 1377. [25] Ibid, R v Johnson (Kenneth). [26] Ibid, R v Johnson (Kenneth). [27] Blake v DPP [1993] 97 Cr. App. R. 169. [28] An Informer v A Chief Constable [2013] QB 579. [29] Michael v The Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2015] UKSC 2. [30] Ibid, Michael v The Chief Constable of South Wales Police. [31] In the Matter of A (A Child) [2012] UKSC 60. [32] Ibid,In the Matter of A (A Child).

Effects The Newspaper Industry Media Essay

Effects The Newspaper Industry Media Essay The benefits aggregation services like Google News gain is that the information they put on the site have additional content and provides a broader view of the topic, industry and subject matter. That is what appeals to the readers, as they can skim through the important news they want to read and dont need to go through the unimportant news like in newspapers or TV. Online news aggregation services like Google News are changing the way news is being advertised to people. Since the creation of Google News, it has become one of the best innovations for the company in terms of subscriptions to their feeds and revenues they generate through readers. What Google does best is that it gathers interesting things and presents them in new ways to appeal to the vast audiences. Effects on the newspaper industry During the past decade, the Internet has become an important news source for most Americans. According to a study conducted by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, as of January 2010, nearly 61 percent of Americans got at least some of their news online in a typical day. (Isbell, 2010). This statistic shows us that there is a lot of reliance on the internet for news. People have forgone the traditional practices of getting their news through newspapers, magazines and TV. Thus, there is a decline in the traditional media these days. News Corporations Rupert Murdoch and Associate Press Chairman Dean Singleton have reasoning to believe that the major cause of the decline in the traditional media is due to the rise of the news aggregators. According to this theory, news aggregators from Google News to The Huffington Post are free-riding, reselling and profiting from the factual information gathered by traditional media organizations at great cost. (Isbell, 2010). Aggregation services threaten the print media because they are emerging as the new front page which people skim through every morning for headlines instead of going to any single newspaper site. (Schonfeld, 2009). The other reasoning behind low print media numbers is that companies have started to advertise more on the sites as they cost much less as compared to advertising on the newspapers. The problem with newspapers these days is that there are about 20% top headline stories and the rest of the 80% is usually not relevant or uninteresting to the reader. Aggregation sites create loads and loads of important headlines from all over thus captivating the audience. The value not only comes from skimming through the website material but clicking the links to the various headlines creates value. Of course newspapers are failing because you surely cannot capture the readers attention with only 20% news and the other 80% being irrelevant. Aggregation services use automated logarithms to get really good content, and thus its not only the front pages that captures the audience attention but the other pages are as interesting as the first one. Basically newspapers cater to the needs of a higher class of people who earn higher than average income whereas aggregation services like Google News cater to every age group as anyone can access the news from anywhere with no fear of purchasing any material on the web they read. Plus, the cost of paper, ink, postage, and physical distribution will never be a contender in a world of electronic communication. Therefore, newspapers are now creating websites for their readers and advertisers. The classified sections on the newspaper are being threatened because sites like Craigslist are seeking a share of the classified market. This shows that the task is becoming more difficult as newspapers try to serve a diverse audience of readers. Aggregation services are fast in staying up to date in their industries, track competitors, monitor industry blogs, and follow specific Websites. Aggregation services get the best of their data in a very speedy manner meaning that they get their news feeds as soon as a special event or news occurs. In short, newspapers are struggling to attract the customer base they once had due to technological advances on the internet. Aggregation services improving over the years I will take example of Google News and how they have approached online aggregation services. Google News over the years has improved and has grown smarter than many other aggregation services. They keep track of user behavior which is very important as peoples view and opinions change daily and is never on one thing. Google News uses a very different algorithm to that used for their Google search. Google News uses a closed index whereas their search engine uses an open index. Now, the difference is that in a closed index Google News will only capture the news related items, whereas in an open index the search engine will take everything into consideration thus making the database even bigger. Thus, Google News gets their information in a more real time manner which is faster and becomes easier for users to find what they are looking for. Other aggregation services are also taking note of this and improving their services as well. Aggregation services are less concerned of what type of medium they will be using and are more concerned about making sure that the news continues to be flowing for example those enterprise journals, editorials and other things that can be seen in the newspapers. Therefore, their main concern or interest is to try and make sure that the news not only survives but thrives. The only way to ensure the speediest delivery of news to the audience, aggregation services use specialized algorithms to get these cluster of news out to the readers thought their internet sites rather than the traditional newspapers which takes longer and hold up to 60% of ad space. If we look at the pace at which the media is going online, news is the area which would benefit the most when it is online. With something new happening every other minute, breaking news becoming a daily issue, with updates and alerts which require something more than the traditional media network, it is the time that the news gets online. Every time there is breaking news it is posted online for the internet users to stay in touch without any effort to do the same. (Chris Williams, n.d.). I mean the best way for a person to stay up to date with the latest information is to log in to one of the online sites and check the news rather than having the hassle of buying a newspaper or turning on the TV or the radio. It saves a lot of time for a person to do this. The competition to make the news more attractive is lesser in the online world, considering the fact that it is simpler in most ways than the print media. The print media requires you to come up with innovative ideas every other day to stay afresh in the emerging competitive market. Comparatively, in the online news market the competition to stay new is less. (Chris Williams, n.d.). Therefore, sites like Google News and The Huffington Post dont really care whose site is better, but rather are interested that the news they are providing is being read by the audience and that it is getting to every person in a timely manner.

Neil Armstrong Essay -- Moon Flying Armstrong Biography Essays

Neil Armstrong When Neil Armstrong was two years old he loved going to the Airport to watch the planes take off and land. He got so excited just watching. When he was five years old he pretended that he was hovering over his bed. He wanted to fly! He loved airplanes and at six years old he had his first airplane ride. He was so smart in school that they moved him from second grade into third grade because he was reading at a fifth grade level. Every airplane book he got his hands on he read. He always liked building model airplanes. When Neil was in high school he worked in the Chemistry lab. In his basement he made a wind tunnel. And on the roof of his garage he built an observatory where he had telescopes to look at the moon and the stars. He learned so much and was so excited that he couldn't wait to fly. He worked in a pharmacy to pay for his flying lessons. When he was only sixteen years old he got his pilots license! He graduated high school and went to Perdue University on a US Navy scholars hip. He learned everything he could about planes and rockets. After college graduation he was a pilot in the Korean War. After the war he went back to Perdue to learn even more. He became a test pilot for experimental X-15 rocket planes which flew to the end of the earth's atmosphere. He didn't want to stop there, he wanted to just keep on going. So in 1962 when NASA was taking applications for astronauts he applied and was accepted. His first mission was on Gemini 8. He and D...

Classes of Chemical Reactions :: essays research papers

Classes of Chemical Reactions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whenever a reaction takes place, energy is changed as well when the substances react chemically. Scientists have taken these changes in energy and generalized them. Scientists can take these generalizations and discover more about the nature and tendencies of matter. In this lab, the purpose was to perform seven reactions, write down their equations, and identify the type of reaction. In this lab report, several methods of displaying this information will be applied. Synthesis 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A piece of Magnesium was obtained at about two centimeters in length. The strip was thin and easily bent or twisted. It had a metallic surface and was brittle. It was silver in color. A flame from a Bunsen burner was held to the Mg, and it ignited, giving off a brilliant white light. Looking directly into the light resulted in temporary blindness, which would explain the warning on the procedures that strongly suggested not looking directly into the light. After the flame had extinguished itself due to lack of fuel, the Mg had turned from a metallic strip to an off-white powder, which crumbled at the slightest irritation. The magnesium had bonded with the oxygen gas in the air from the energy that was applied to it and formed magnesium oxide. The type of reaction was a synthesis reaction, as is shown by this equation. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) = 2MgO(s) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A piece of copper was obtained. It was a small, rounded wire that could be bent, although with a greater difficulty than the Mg strip from the previous account. It was copper in color (never saw that one coming, didja) and had a metallic luster. The copper was put in the flame of a Bunsen burner and after several seconds, it began to blacken. The flame was applied to it for about a minute and a half, and the copper appeared silvery under intense heat, but when it was removed from the flame, the silver color quickly faded. The copper strip was now black all over, and the change in color suggested that a chemical change had occurred. The Cu had reacted with the oxygen in the air and formed copper oxide. The black color could be scraped off, but only in small slivers. It would crumble when it was irritated with a great deal of pressure, respectively. It was a synthesis reaction as displayed by the equation here. Cu(s) + O2(o) = CuO2

Fun with Education Essay

In a general sense, ‘education’ means a form of learning process in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training and research. Accordingly, education aims at the physical, intellectual, spiritual and moral development of man. Education merely does not give knowledge to a human being and enabling him to earn his livelihood. But it does much more than this. Nowadays, what we can see the society as a future teacher is the students do not have an interest in learning by the way of ‘chalk and talk’ anymore. They prefer something new from the teachers which are more interesting and fun. One of the most effective ways is including games in teaching and learning process. Education can be fun through games. As a sports teacher, we can build our student’s potential. Games are a mean of keeping the body healthy and fit. Indeed, good health is the first condition of happiness in life so those who play games generally maintain good health. For example, sports teacher can create interesting games that can help students in building up their critical thinking skills besides physical strength. They can learn different types of skills such as throwing, passing, and kicking in sports like basketball, football and others. On top of that, education can also include songs which are forms of entertainment. In this way, we can make our class more interesting and students will be entertained. From the song lyrics, we can polish our student’s language and vocabulary besides making learning more fun. They can also learn to express their emotions through songs as songs can be a good cure for stress. Furthermore, education can be fun through role playing. We can involve our students act out a drama which may help to improve their acting skills and self confidence. Indirectly, they will be able to express their thoughts through role-play in a form of voice projection, facial expression and also body language. Apart from that, they can strengthen their memorizing skills too. This is because they need to memorize their scripts. As we know, the world we are living today is technology dominated and everything can be done fast and furious. For examples, cell phones, instant coffee machine, one hour-photo shops and internet can help us to complete our task in a short time. In short, technology makes the world moves faster than the past. But, education does not have any shortcut for us to reach the destination. We must learn step by step. Practice makes perfect. So, we take time to achieve our goals in the field of education. In a nutshell, we can make education fun in many ways such as games and songs. Thus, we can make our classroom full of joy and students will not feel bored while learning from the teachers. Besides, students will be able to think out of the box. With this, the goals of ‘fun in education’ could be achieved.

Psychometric Tests Essay

Introduction Psychometric tests developed quickly during the 1980s and 1990s and nowadays, it is very commonly used by many organisations for making decisions on selection and promotion. â€Å"In the UK, about 75% of medium to large sized organizations use them as part of their selection procedure alongside interviews or other face-to-face assessment techniques.† (Website: http://www.morrisby.com/faq/faq_answer.asp?ID=11 Accessed 30/11/2005) The psychometric tests are a useful tool for understanding more about the candidates, and finding out their aptitude and personality to support the organisation making prediction about the person’s behaviour or work performance in the future. Types of psychometric tests â€Å"A key feature of all psychometric tests is that they have to fulfil two principal criteria in use: reliability, ie, tests must provide consistent results when measuring the same characteristics, or factors, on two or more occasions, usually on a test-retest basis; validity, i.e they must be able to measure what they claim to measure.† (G A Cole, Organisational Behaviour, 1995, Continuum) The psychometric tests fall into two types: * Aptitude tests – Measure a person’s potential rather than knowledge and how well they can learn new skills to cope with the job. The tests mostly focus on the person’s numerical, verbal, non-verbal and spatial ability. It is different to the attainment tests because it helps to predict the performance of the person, whereas the attainment tests focus on the person’s achievement in the past. However, there is a link between the attainment tests and ability tests because what the person has achieved depends on his/her ability. * Personality questionnaires – Focus on the person’s personality, values, interests, etc. The tests involve finding out and analysing the ways in which people deal with things, their attitude and how they will behave in different situations. The tests normally don’t have a time limit, and there is no â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† answers. Back to 400 BC, Hippocrates from Greece was the first theorist to measure the differences between individuals’ personality. He believed that individual’s personality or temperament were determined by their bodily fluids or ‘humours’, i.e. yellow bile – choleric – aggressive, excitable, irritable. Another type theory was developed by William Sheldon (1898-1970,) he believed that the temperament of people were related to their physique, i.e. the ectomorph type, people who are thin, shy, creative and intelligent, the mesomorph type, which are people who are strong, active, brave and assertive, and the endomorpht type, people who are fat, sociable and easy going. Another example of type theory was created by Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung; he focused on how people think. He created eight psychological types, four Extraverted (E) attitudes plus four Introverted (I) attitudes combine with either thinking (T) or feeling (F), and either sensing (S) or intuition (N); EST, ESF, ENT, ENF, IST, ISF, INT and INF. His work was later developed by two generations of the Myers-Briggs family, which the MBTI test use one side or other of all four of Jung’s, establish a four-letter code to set up sixteen types of personality. In addition, one of the most famous trait theories was created by Hans Jà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rgen Eysenck (1997; 1990) and the Sixteen personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) created by R.B. Cattell, it’s one of the best-known personality measures, also one of the most frequently used in the selection process. The use and effectiveness of psychometric tests Organisations spend lots of money and time on selection and all they want is the right person for the right job, an employee who has the ability, enjoys doing the job, and will provide a good level of performance, and benefit the organisation as a result. In other words, the tests help the organisations to save money and time, because once they have got the right person for the job, they might not need to go through the recruitment process again. During the interview process, sometimes applicants might lie about their achievement and ability, or even create a false good impression to increase their chance of getting the job. With the help of the psychometric tests, the organisation will be able to make decisions about people more effective and accurately because the information they gather from the tests are reliable, and also enable them to predict the ability and the performance of the candidate. â€Å"Recent meta-analysis studies have consistently demonstrated that cognitive ability testing accurately predicts future job performance across almost all operational areas.† (John Arnold, Work Psychology, 4th edition, 2005, Pearson Education Limited) An example of the use of a psychometric test during the selection process could involve a potential sales manager, and possibly testing them for their numerical ability, verbal reasoning powers and for analysing their personality, enabling the company to see how he/she deals things, behaves towards the staff or reacts in different situations. Using a psychometric test during the selection process would also help an organisation to give feedback to those who failed to get the job; the feedback is accurate and straight forward, helping the applicants to identify their strengths and weaknesses, so they know what kind of job is suitable for them and to help self-development. During the training and promotion processes, the tests are also useful as they help to identify whether the employees need training and assistance in improving their skills in specific areas. During the promotion process, the organisation might use the personality questionnaires to find out which candidate’s personality is most suitable to promote to a higher level. Some organisations might even use the results of a psychometric test to make someone redundant. I personally think that it is not fair because the tests should be seen as additional information, and also the personality does not fully reflect the productivity of the employee. Limitation of the tests First of all, it may be costly and time-consuming for the organisations to produce the tests because the materials required can be expensive, big organisations may even employ a psychologist to design specific tests and it will therefore increase their costs. Examples such as personality tests are difficult to manage and interpret results, and therefore specific experts are needed. Secondly, the applicants can fake their response in the personality tests as it increases their chances of getting the job, as they might attempt to give the answers to which the organisation is looking for. It can be described as â€Å"social desirability† and it contains two fundamentals, self-deception and impression management (Paulhaus, 1989). â€Å"Self-deception refers to applicants’ being overly optimistic in their perceptions of positive personality features while simultaneously trying to play down their perceived negative aspects. Impression management is more concerned with applicants trying to appear â€Å"nice† because they fear social disapproval.† (Dominic Cooper and Ivan T. Robertson, The Psychology of Personnel Selection, 1995, Routledge). It’s also required to take into account that sometimes applicants might be nervous when they are taking the tests, and that it might have an influence on the answers they are giving. For the aptitude and ability tests, some jobs might require multi-skilled applicants who do not have all of the abilities, this does not mean that they cannot perform well, but their performance would also depend on many other factors, i.e. company’s policies, procedures and structure, luck, team working, appraisal system, etc. It is hard to predict the performance of an individual when sometimes people rotate their duty or positions, tailored to one of the methods of motivation. The purpose of the aptitude and personality tests are to predict an individual’s performance, personality and behaviour, specifically when the individuals receive new information and obtain new experiences, i.e. If a special event or dramatic change in life were to occur, their attitudes would change and it can therefore influence their performance. Another strong argued point against aptitude and personality tests would be, for example, an employee who performs well but has a bad personality; he/she could be unfriendly, unsociable and may not like to work as part of a team, but overall his/her performance could be the best within the department. The question is, is he/she really the most suitable person for the job? From the business’ view, he/she is definitely the right person for the job as long as he/she helps to achieve the business targets. However, the use of the personality tests would become useless, and fail to take into account their performance capability in this situation because it clearly proves that his/her personality does not reflect their performance. In addition, the tests might be unfair to applicants whose first language is not English, even though some tests might require a certain amount of education, i.e. vocabulary, but also it would be unfair to applicants who have different cultures, or come from a different background, because they might have different beliefs, opinions and values on different things or react differently to similar situations. Conclusion I personally think that the aptitude and ability tests are really useful for organisations, as it helps them to make decisions during their selection and promotion stages. It is reliable and accurate, helps to identify the ability of the applicants and predicts their performance. However, there are lots of factors that could create an influence on the individuals’ life, which would directly or indirectly affect their performance. The personality questionnaire can be accurate if the person answers honestly to the questions, it can help them to know more about themselves and find out what type of person they are. However, I suggest that the personality questionnaire should not be used within workplace because I strongly believe that personality does not reflect the productivity of the person. Finally, I think it is important for organisations not to rely on these tests because they cannot be 100% accurate, and that they should set out a good selection procedure, making sure they are providing a good feedback system to the applicants, and make sure discriminations do not take place during the selection process. Bibliography Reading list G A Cole, (1995), Organisational Behaviour, Continuum Laurie. J Mullins, (2005), Management and organisational behaviour, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall. Andrzej Huczynski and David Buchanan, (2001), Organizational Behaviour An Introductory Text, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall John Arnold, (2005), Work Psychology, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall Christoper Lewis, (1992), Employee Selection, 2nd Edition, Stanley Thornes Dominic Cooper and Ivan T. Robertson, (1995), The Psychology of Personnel Selection, Routledge Website http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/careers/section/apps_ints/apps_psyc.html#WHAT Accessed 30 November 2005 http://www.psychometricadvantage.co.uk/personalityprofiling.html Accessed 28 November 2005 http://www.cosmiccoaching.com/articles/psycho.htm Accessed 28 November 2005 http://www.morrisby.com/test_takers_guide/psychometrics.asp#8 Accessed 28 November 2005

Classical Style vs. the Renaissance

Classical Style vs.. The Renaissance One of the most influential artistic styles in western culture is the Classical Style. This term describes the art and architecture produced in Ancient Greece between the late sixth and early fourth centuries B. C. E. The harmonious order that governs almost all the aspects of Ancient Greek Civilization, including politics and philosophy, was the basis of this rich artistic period which has always had a strong influence on Western culture. Nevertheless, there have been some periods in history where the Classical influences were more prevalent.This influence could not be more evident than in the Renaissance, which refers to the rebirth of the Classical Style. The Renaissance which spread through Europe started in Italy around 1300 C. E. And lasted though the seventeenth century. In this period, the artisans did not Just copy the Greeks but also revived their principles of harmony, order, proportion, and realism. In this paper, I'm going to exam one sculpture and one building from each of these two periods to identify the similarities and differences between them.Hermes with the young Dionysus by Parallaxes vs.. David by Michelangelo Hermes with the nuns Dionysus was made by Parallaxes around 340 B. C. E. This marble statue represents Hermes, which was the messenger of the Greek Gods, holding the young Dionysus (Cambric). This freestanding Greek statue was made during the Golden Age of the Classical Style, and it features the key characteristics of this period (realism, harmony, and proportion). Hermes appears nude leaning against a tree trunk draped with material which is wrapped around his arm.He is leaning in a relaxed pose with most of his body positioned on the left side of the artwork. Parallaxes balances the overall composition by putting the young Dionysus on Hermes' arm which connects the figure to the supporting tree trunk on the right side. Like other sculptures from this period, Hermes with the young Dionysus is ve ry realistic. According to Gloria Firer, author of the book The Humanistic Tradition â€Å"the male nude of the High Classical Age seems to fulfill Aristotle idea of excellences as the exercise of human will dominated by reason†.Hermes' idealized body is perfectly symmetrical, and it absolutely fits into the Greek canon (set of rules for determining physical proportion). In addition, the almost tactile texture of the smooth marble exposes Hermes' well developed muscles and bones which seem to be alive and moving under his soft smooth skin. His facial features are symmetrical and proportionate, and his expression is relaxed while smiling as he looks upon the baby Dionysus. In this statue, Parallaxes reflects the Greek ideal of beauty.The realism and perfection of the Greek statues of the Classical period were the inspiration for sculpture of the Italian Renaissance. Michelangelo created David between 1501 and 1504. The work is a representation of the young shepherd who slays t he giant Goliath with his meager sling and who eater goes on to become the king of Israel (Firer). Like Hermes with the young Dionysus, David is a freestanding, statue of a nude male, created at the peak of its period, the Renaissance. Michelangelo created this sculpture in the early sixteen century, which is consider the high Renaissance.Similarly to Parallaxes' statue, David is very realistic, and the smooth marble shows the perfectly developed muscular structure beneath the skin. However, unlike Hermes, Davit's posture is not relaxed but rigid with his muscles tense and veins protruding from the surface. He appears leer and focused on his opponent, awaiting some action that is about to happen. In addition, while Hermes' scale and proportion are realistic, Davit's is oversized standing 14 Ft. 5 in. High, and his head hands, and feet are oversized and not proportionate to the rest of his body. Michelangelo deliberately violated classical proportions by making the head and hands of his figure to large for his trunk. The body of the fearless adolescent is tense and brooding, powerful rather than graceful† says Firer. Although both sculptures share common characteristics, David is different room Hermes in that Parallaxes' creation is Just a celebration of beauty and perfection while Michelangelo creates beauty and also enhances human accomplishment. Parthenon vs.. Saint Pewter's Basilica The Parthenon (448-432 B. C. E. ) is a Classical Greek temple that was designed by architects Stations and Calibrates.It is located in Athens, Greece, and it crowns the high plateau called the Acropolis. The temple is dedicated to the city's main Goddesses, Athena, and it is surrounded by other smaller temples (Firer). Like most of the buildings from this period, the architects used the post-and-lintel system, and hey did not use mortar. The Parthenon floor plan is rectangular and very simple. It only has two rooms surrounded by a colonnaded walkway. The order used for the columns is Doric, which has no base, and its capital is a simple cushion.The Greek principles of perfection such as order, harmony, and symmetry govern the whole construction. The ideal and concern with perfection of order and balance caused the architects to use wider columns on the corners of the structure to offset the visual reduction of their size due to the bright light of the sky behind them according to Firer. In addition, the Parathion's pediment was decorated symmetrically and balanced with relief carvings of the Greek Gods featuring the king of the gods, Zeus, directly in the center.Similar to the revival of the classical style in Renaissance sculpture, the principles of the Classical Greek architecture were the inspiration for building during the Renaissance. Saint Pewter's Basilica (1506-1612 C. E. ) is a catholic church constructed during the high Renaissance. Ten architects worked on its construction including Donate Aberrant, who started the project, and Michelangel o, who designed of the dome (The World Book Encyclopedia). Similarly to the Parthenon, it is intended for worshiping and is located in the middle of a religious area, Vatican City.It is dedicated to Saint Peter who is considered the fist pope of the Christian Church and whose remains lay beneath the building. Saint Pewter's Basilica has also some decorative features that resemble the Greek temple. The columns in the fade are inspired by the Classical Style although they are a different order, Corinthian, and above the columns there is a pediment. Crowning the fade are thirteen statues upon the balustrade, which although are not exactly the same, they mimic the ones in the Parthenon.The figure in the center is Jesus, king of heaven, and the rest are Saint John the Baptist and eleven apostles. The major differences between the two temples are the construction methods. Saint Pewter's Basilica uses mortar, and it has stone arches inside supporting the ceiling, which are construction tec hniques developed by the Romans. The floor plan is a Latin cross that is inspired by the medieval cathedrals. In addition, the building is crowned with a huge dome, which is an architectural feature and innovation from the Renaissance.Although the Renaissance architecture is more complex than the Classical, the architects included key classically styled features in their designs and the Classical ideal of proportion and order in their construction. After examining the sculpture and architecture from these two periods, it is clear that they have a direct relationship to each other. The renaissance borrowed the Classical principles of order, harmony, and proportion from the Greeks. This is clear in the comparison of the two statues. In the case of the architecture, the Renaissance took the Classical elements, but they utilized more advanced techniques.Although the Renaissance was a brilliant period in which innovation and creativity was rich, the use of the Classical examples and the honoring of them clearly confirm their timeless and lasting influence. Works Cited Firer, Gloria. The Humanistic Tradition Volume l. 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2005. Print. Cambric, E. H. The Story of Art. 15th edition. All Saints Street, London: Phaeton Press Limited, 1999. Print The World Book Encyclopedia. Merchandise Mart Plaza, Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. 1962. Print.